What Is the Secret to Hiring the Best Deck Builder in Knoxville TN? Discover Professional Solutions for a Long-Lasting Outdoor Space Today!

What Is the Secret to Hiring the Best Deck Builder in Knoxville TN? Discover Professional Solutions for a Long-Lasting Outdoor Space Today!

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Assessing Project Scope and Design Preferences

When it comes to hiring the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN, understanding the crucial aspects of assessing project scope and design preferences is essential for achieving a long-lasting outdoor space. Making the right decisions from the start can greatly influence the quality and durability of your deck.

Firstly, defining the scope of the project is a preliminary step that shouldnt be overlooked. Its important to know exactly what you want your deck to encompass. Are you looking for a simple platform with just enough room for a grill and a couple of chairs, or are you envisioning a sprawling multi-level deck that can accommodate large gatherings? Determining the scale and complexity of the project early on will help in communicating your needs to potential builders and can also impact the overall budget.

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Next, design preferences play a significant role in the aesthetics and functionality of your deck. From choosing the type of wood or composite materials to deciding on the style of railings and steps, every detail matters. Its vital to discuss these elements with your builder to ensure that the final product aligns with your vision. Moreover, considering factors such as the orientation of the deck to maximize sunlight or shade and integrating features like built-in seating or planters can enhance the usability and enjoyment of the outdoor space.

Its also important to consider the long-term maintenance that your chosen materials will require. Some materials may require more upkeep than others, and this should influence your decision based on how much maintenance youre willing to undertake.

Finding a professional deck builder in Knoxville, TN, who can navigate these aspects is key.

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  1. crew
  2. nails
  3. investment
  4. team
Look for builders who have a strong portfolio of completed decks and are willing to provide references. Dont hesitate to ask about their experience with different materials and design challenges. A reputable builder will offer transparent communication and realistic timelines and costs.

In conclusion, the secret to hiring the best deck builder lies in thoroughly assessing the project scope and design preferences. This ensures that both you and your builder have a clear understanding of the project from the outset, leading to fewer surprises and a more satisfying outcome. Remember, a well-planned deck not only enhances the beauty of your home but also adds to its value. So take your time, do your homework, and get ready to enjoy your incredible outdoor space (soon!)!

Understanding Contract Terms and Warranty Options

When youre looking to hire the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN, understanding contract terms and warranty options becomes crucial. It's not just about choosing a skilled contractor, but also securing a deal that protects your investment over time. longevity This part of the process often seems daunting (and perhaps a bit tedious), but it's vital for ensuring you get the professional solutions that lead to a long-lasting outdoor space.

First, let's talk about contract terms. These arent just formalities; theyre the backbone of your agreement with the deck builder. They define the scope of work, the timeline, payment schedules, and the responsibilities of each party. It's important to read through all the terms carefully. Don't hesitate to ask for clarifications on anything that sounds vague or overly complex! Sometimes, what's not stated can be just as important as what is. Youll want to make sure there are no hidden clauses that could lead to unexpected costs or responsibilities on your part.

Now, moving onto warranty options. Warranties can be a game-changer (literally!). They ensure that in the event something goes wrong with the construction or the materials of your new deck, youre covered. Different builders will offer different types of warranties, so it's key to compare them. Look for what aspects of the deck are covered and for how long. Some warranties may cover labor only, while others might include materials. A strong warranty offers peace of mind, knowing that your deck's durability isn't just a promise but a guarantee!

Remember, the secret to hiring the best deck builder isnt just about finding the most experienced or the cheapest option. It's about finding a professional who offers transparent contract terms and solid warranty options. This combination will help ensure that your outdoor space is not only beautiful but also durable. porch Make sure to discuss all these aspects thoroughly before signing anything. Your future self will thank you for taking the time to get it right!

In conclusion, when you're ready to transform your backyard into a stunning outdoor retreat, don't rush through the preliminary steps. Understanding the intricacies of contract terms and evaluating warranty options are the keys to a successful collaboration with a deck builder in Knoxville, TN. Get this right, and youre set for a hassle-free construction experience and a deck that lasts for years (or even decades)! Happy building!

Evaluating Post-Installation Support and Maintenance Services

When youre looking to hire the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN, the journey doesnt just end with the installation of your new outdoor space; assessing the post-installation support and maintenance services is equally crucial to ensure long-lasting enjoyment and utility. Many homeowners often overlook this aspect, excited by their brand new deck, but the real secret to a durable and beautiful deck lies in the ongoing care and expertise provided after the deck is built.

Firstly, it's important to inquire about the types of services the deck builder offers once the construction is complete. Does the builder provide a maintenance schedule to help keep your deck in top condition? Regular maintenance (such as sealing and staining) can greatly extend the life of your deck and keep it looking as good as new! Moreover, understanding the warranty or guarantee that comes with the construction work can give you peace of mind. It's essential to know what kind of issues are covered under the warranty, and for how long. platform

Another aspect to consider is the responsiveness and reliability of the builder post-installation. How easy is it to get in touch with them if you encounter an issue? A reputable deck builder should not disappear once the construction is finished; rather, they should be accessible and willing to assist with any subsequent needs or concerns that may arise.

Lastly, check reviews or ask for references to see how other clients feel about the builder's post-installation support and services. This can provide invaluable insights into how the builder handles client relationships and maintenance services long-term. After all, a truly professional deck builder cares about the longevity and satisfaction of their work, well beyond the initial installation.

In conclusion, while its crucial to choose a skilled and experienced deck builder for the initial construction, don't forget to evaluate their post-installation support and maintenance services! These services are key to ensuring that your outdoor space remains a beautiful and functional extension of your home for years to come. Discover professional solutions today and enjoy your outdoor space with confidence!

Leveraging Local Expertise and Client Testimonials

When it comes to hiring the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN, the secret lies in leveraging local expertise and utilizing client testimonials. This approach not only gives you a deeper insight into the quality of work you can expect but also ensures that your outdoor space will be both beautiful and long-lasting.

Firstly, local expertise is invaluable. Deck builders from the area are familiar with the regional climate and the materials that can best withstand local weather conditions. They know which types of wood (or other materials) are most durable and which construction techniques will ensure that your deck lasts for years. By hiring a local expert, youre not just getting a builder; you're benefiting from years of accumulated knowledge about what works best right here in Knoxville.

Secondly, client testimonials play a crucial role. These are first-hand accounts of people who have already gone through the process of having a deck built. By reading or listening to these testimonials, you can gauge the satisfaction level of past clients. Were they happy with the builder's professionalism? What Is the Secret to Hiring the Best Deck Builder in Knoxville TN? Discover Trusted Solutions for a Long-Lasting Outdoor Space Today! . How did the contractor handle unexpected issues? Did the final product meet their expectations? These are all critical questions that testimonials can help answer, providing you with a clearer picture of what to expect.

Furthermore, dont underestimate the power of seeing the builder's work firsthand. Many reputable builders have portfolios of completed projects. This not only showcases their skill and craftsmanship but also offers you design inspiration for your own space.

Remember, the best deck builder will not only provide you with a quote but will also be willing to discuss your specific needs and preferences. They should be able to offer a detailed plan, including timelines and materials. Transparency here is key, and a good builder will ensure you feel comfortable and informed throughout the process.

In conclusion, when looking for the best deck builder in Knoxville, TN, leveraging local expertise and client testimonials is crucial. These elements help ensure that you choose a professional who can deliver a durable, beautiful outdoor space tailored to your desires. Start your journey today, and soon you'll be enjoying your new deck under the beautiful Tennessee sky!

Deck Builder Knoxville TN

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Citations and other links

Renovation (also called remodeling) is the process of improving broken, damaged, or outdated structures. Renovations are typically done on either commercial or residential buildings. Additionally, renovation can refer to making something new, or bringing something back to life and can apply in social contexts. For example, a community can be renovated if it is strengthened and revived. It can also be restoring something to a former better state (as by cleaning, repairing, or rebuilding). Renovation is a widespread practice in many regions, often driven by safety upgrades, energy efficiency improvements, and aesthetic preferences. For example, there are more than twenty thousand home improvement projects every year in Hong Kong, affecting more than a million residents[1] (population of HK is around 7.5 million in 2023).[2]

Truman's renovation of the White House, 17 May 1950

Phases and process of renovations

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The interior of a Victorian building in Lincoln Park, Chicago in the process of being renovated in June 1971. Note the elements of the edifice scattered and sorted about.

The building renovation process can usually, depending on the extents of the renovation, be broken down into several phases. The phases are as follow.[3]

  • Project initiation - The beginning of the project that includes the hiring of construction and design teams, defining the scope of the work, creating a budget, and communicating the needs, expectations, and wants from both the client and building team[4][5]
  • Existing conditions analysis - This includes measuring, drawing, and analyzing the structure to be renovated, and identifying any major issues with the project that could effect work to be done[5]
  • Initial design - Beginning the design work by testing out concept ideas, designing multiple iterations of outcomes, communicating with the client, and receiving client feedback on the design to make changes[4]
  • Finalizing design - Finalizing the design work by making sure the design is what the client wants, making sure the design works with existing conditions, creating a more detailed design (including specs and engineering), also could include the beginning of construction or demolition work while the design is being finalized[4]
  • Construction and demolition - Starting the physical work by completing demolition needed, structural repairs needed, building new designed conditions, applying finishes, and trouble shooting any problems or unknown conditions that are brought to light during construction[4]
  • Project finalization - The end of the project which includes turnover to the client, punch listing, walking through with the client, and verifying that project scope and expectations were met[4]

Projects involving renovation require not just flexibility, but a plan that had been agreed upon by multiple parties. The planning process will involve feedback from financial investors of the project, and from the designer. Part of planning will also entail the collection of data for the completion of the project and then the project plan will be revised and given consent before continuing with renovations.[6]

Technology has had a meaningful effect on the renovation process, increasing the significance and strength of the planning stage. The availability of free online design tools has improved visualization of the changes, at a fraction of the cost of hiring a professional designer. The decision regarding changes is also influenced by the purpose of basement renovation [1]. Depending on the significance of these changes a professional may be required, especially if any changes other than cosmetic work (paint or finishes) is required. Many local codes require a professional to complete work in the built environment such as structural changes, new walls, new plumbing, or many others. Doing these changes without hiring a professional can result in health effects, safety concerns, damages, fines, and increased cost due to having to hire a professional after self-work.[7] Most builders focus on building new homes, so renovating is typically a part-time activity for such tradespeople. The processes and services required for renovations are quite specific and, once plans are signed off, building a new home is relatively predictable. However, during renovation projects, flexibility is often required from renovation companies to respond to unexpected issues that arise. Renovations usually require all of the sub-trades that are needed for the construction of a new building.

In case of a so-called "fix-and-flip" (repair and resell) objective, an ROI (return on investment) can result from changes to fix a structural issue, to fix design flow yield,[8] or to use light and color to make rooms appear more spacious. Because interior renovation could change of the internal structure of the house, ceiling construction, circuit configuration and partition walls, etc., such work related to the structure of the house, of course, also includes renovation of wallpaper posting, furniture settings, lighting, etc often times an interior designer is required as well.[9]

Reasons to renovate

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Homes

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Many cities and towns have been renovated because of the devastations, such as Rovaniemi in Lapland, Finland.[10] Video about the post-war era reconstruction of Rovaniemi in 1949.

Many people renovate homes to create a new appearance. Builders may renovate homes to enhance the home's value as a stable source of income.[11] Homeowners often renovate their homes to increase the re-sale value and to turn a profit when selling. Homeowners may also want to add renovations that make their home more energy efficient, green or sustainable.[12] Also, over time, a homeowner's personal preferences and needs may change, and the home will be renovated for improved aesthetics, comfort, or functionality.

Other properties

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Other types of renovations also can be initiated for similar reasons. The user or owner of a building can change which can effect the needs or wants for the space prompting a renovation. This is becoming more popular as buildings owners are renting or leasing floors or sections of the buildings to companies which have different spacial requirements than the previous users causing needed renovation. Renovations can also occur as companies increase size which could lead to needed additional retail, office, or other types of spaces. Similarly to homes other building owners could also want renovations to increased value, make the building more energy efficient, green or sustainable, or to update the building.[13] Sometimes shopping centres or shops are renovated to raise rent later.

Materials

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Wood

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Wood is considered a versatile and adaptable construction material, often preferred in renovations due to its ease of modification and availability. Few homeowners or professional remodelers possess the skill and equipment that is required to alter steel-frame or concrete structures.

When looking at embodied carbon in building materials wood is often labeled as the most sustainable. This is because it sequesters carbon which if certified sustainably sourced will significantly reduce embodied carbon of buildings. This makes it a low emitting choice for a building material for an overall building and for renovations.[14]

Forest certification verifies that wood products have been sourced from well-managed forests. Most certification programs provide online search options so that consumers can find certified products—the Certification Canada program includes a search option for all of the certification programs that are in use in Canada.[15]

In North America, most structures are demolished because of external forces such as zoning changes and rising land values. Additionally, buildings that cannot be modified to serve the functional needs of the occupants are subject to demolition. Very few buildings on the continent are demolished due to structural degradation.[16]

The Athena Institute surveyed 227 commercial and residential buildings that were demolished in St. Paul, Minnesota, between 2000 and mid-2003. Thirty percent of the buildings were less than 50 years old, and 6% were less than 25 years old. The four top reasons for demolition were "area redevelopment" (35%), "building's physical condition" (31%), "not suitable for anticipated use" (22%), and "fire damage" (7%). Lack of maintenance was cited as the specific problem for 54 of the 70 buildings where physical condition was given as the reason for demolition.[16]

Plastics

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Plastics are extensively used in the construction and renovation industry.[17] Airborne microplastic dust is produced during renovation, building, bridge and road reconstruction projects[18] and the use of power tools.[19] It is also generated by deterioration of building materials[20]

Materials containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate, polypropylene, and acrylic, can degrade overtime releasing microplastics.[17] During the construction process single use plastic containers and wrappers are discarded adding to plastic waste.[21] These plastics are difficult to recycle and end up in landfills where they break down over a long period of time causing potential leaching into the soil and the release of airborne microplastics.[22][23] Efforts have been made to reduce plastic waste by adding it to concrete as agglomerates. However, one solution for resolving the problem from the large amount of plastic wastes generated could bring another serious problem of leaching of microplastics. The unknown part of this area is huge and needs prompt investigation.[24]

The construction industry is one of the largest consumers of plastic materials, utilizing approximately 20% of all plastics produced annually. It also accounts for around 70% of global polyvinyl chloride (PVC) consumption, primarily in applications such as piping, window frames, flooring, and insulation.[25][26] It is predicted that much more will be produced and used in the future.[25] "In Europe, approximately 20% of all plastics produced are used in the construction sector including different classes of plastics, waste and nanomaterials."[26]

Others

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A shop under renovation, Hong Kong. The type of dust generated depends on the material being worked on. For example, in the above photo the dust does not seem to be solely wood dust, concrete dust, metal dust or paint dust.
 

Tools and equipment

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While the type of material used will determine the composition of the dust generated, the size and amount of particulates produced are mainly determined by the type of tool used. Implementation of effective dust control measures may also play a role.

Video: An angle grinder is used for cutting through a steel chain. The chain is kept under tension by a second person to avoid a blockade of the grinder. Large amounts of potentially harmful particulates (metal dust) are being generated.)

Use of angle grinder is not preferred as large amounts of harmful sparks and fumes (and particulates) are generated when compared with using reciprocating saw or band saw.[27] Angle grinders produce sparks when cutting ferrous metals. They also produce shards cutting other materials. The blades themselves may also break. This is a great hazard to the face and eyes especially, as well as other parts of the body.[28]

Adverse effects of power tool use

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Use of power tools can cause adverse effects on people living nearby. Power tools can produce large amounts of particulates including ultrafine particles.[29]

Particulates are the most harmful form (other than ultra-fines) of air pollution[30] There is no safe level of particulates.[31]

Many tasks create dust. High dust levels are caused by one of more the following:[32]

A high dust level example.
  • equipment – using high energy tools, such as cut-off saws, grinders, wall chasers and grit blasters produce a lot of dust in a very short time
  • work method – dry sweeping can make a lot of dust when compared to vacuuming or wet brushing
  • work area – the more enclosed a space, the more the dust will build up
  • time – the longer you work the more dust there will be

Examples of high dust level tasks include:[32]

  • using power tools to cut, grind, drill or prepare a surface
  • sanding taped plaster board joints
  • dry sweeping[32]

Some power tools are equipped with dust collection system (e.g. HEPA vacuum cleaner) or integrated water delivery system which extract the dust after emission.[33][34]

Effects

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Air quality

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Indoor

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Outdoor

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Health

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In the US, “About 75% of homes built before 1978 contain some lead-based paint. The older the home the more likely it is to contain lead-based paint. You should assume that any home built before 1978 contains some lead."[35]

In April 2010 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) required that all renovators working in homes built before 1978 and disturbing more than 6 square feet (0.56 m2) of lead paint inside the home or 20 square feet (1.9 m2) outside the home be certified. EPA's Lead Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule (RRP Rule) lowers the risk of lead contamination from home renovation activities.[36] It requires that firms performing renovation, repair, and painting projects that disturb lead-based paint in homes, child care facilities and pre-schools (any child occupied facility) built before 1978 be certified by EPA and use certified renovators who are trained by EPA-approved training providers to follow lead-safe work practices.[37]

Careful stabilization of any deteriorated (peeling, chipping, cracking, etc.) paint in a lead-safe manner is also encouraged. Through authority vested in the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), lead-based-paint removal by dry scraping, dry sanding, torching and burning, the use of heat guns over 1100°F, and machine-sanding / grinding without a HEPA-filtered vacuum or a HEPA filtered dust collection system, is prohibited, as these methods have been proven to produce significant amount of lead dust during renovation, remodeling and painting.[38]

At the end of any remodeling or repainting job, a dust test performed by an independent third-party professional is also required by HUD for "clearance". Lead evaluations are done using a method called X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), which gives a result in 4–8 seconds with a 95% accuracy at the 2-sigma level.

As of 2018, there are an estimated 37 million homes and apartments with lead paint in the United States.[39]

Sustainability

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Currently, worldwide 38% of emissions and 35% of energy use come from the building sector, including building construction and operation. This means renovations contribute to emissions and energy use of the building sector. These percentages are the largest portion of the total emissions and energy use globally.[40] This makes buildings have the highest potential for decreasing these percentages as well as the largest need to decrease them. Renovations are also one way to do this.

Renovations decrease emissions as instead of demolishing a building just to build a new one the building is reused. Reuse of buildings is not always desirable as it is often pursued to have a building designed for the many individual and unique needs building owners have but it is not always a necessity. Renovations can take a building and make it completely different from the old building just reusing the structure, which is often the largest contributor of embodied carbon to a building. However, in order to be able to do this buildings need to be design durably and re-use. Designing for durability and reuse is designing for new buildings to be "long lasting, use-adaptable, and culturally valuable"[14] to allow for the building to be kept for longer to minimize emissions from a complete rebuild.

Having these ideas in mind while designing new buildings significantly increases the likelihood for renovations to happen.[14] Buildings are more likely to be torn down because they can not accommodate the new desired use then because the structure is failing.[16] Renovations allow old buildings to fit new needs in a way that outputs less emissions than a complete tear down and construction of a new building which is often a feasible option.

Economic

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Renovated church, now condominiums, Watertown, Massachusetts

Renovation has several effects on economies, including:[41]

 

Regulation

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See also

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  • Solvent – Substance dissolving a solute resulting in a solution
  • Cancer – Group of diseases involving cell growth
  • Concrete – Composite construction material
  • Construction waste – Unwanted material produced directly or incidentally by the construction industries
  • Do it yourself – Building, modifying, or repairing, without the aid of experts or professionals
  • Home improvement – Process of renovating or making additions to one's home
  • How Buildings Learn – 1994 book and TV series by Stewart Brand
  • Indoor air quality – Air quality within and around buildings and structures
  • Lead positioning – Poisoning caused by lead in the body
  • Metal swarf – Filing debris or waste resulting from metal manufacturing processes
  • Microplastics – Extremely small fragments of plastic
  • Particulates – Microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in the Earth's atmosphere
  • Power tools – Tool that uses an additional power source
  • Pollution – Adverse environmental contamination
  • Repair Café – Venues where people gather and repair everyday items
  • Sawdust – Byproduct or waste product of woodworking operations (sawing, sanding, milling, etc.)
  • TVOC – Organic chemicals having a high vapor pressure at room temperature
  • Welding – Fabrication process for joining materials
  • Wood glue – Adhesive used to bond wood and wood-based materials
  • Wood preservative – Treatment or process aimed at extending the service life of wood structures

References

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  1. ^ "訂修噪音條例今起諮詢 管制住宅裝修使用撞擊式破碎機需呈報預繳". 香港01 (in Chinese). 18 Dec 2023. Retrieved 10 Jan 2024.
  2. ^ "Press Releases Detail". censtatd.gov.hk. Retrieved 10 Jan 2024.
  3. ^ "Home Renovation Process". Investopedia. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e Konstantinou, Thaleia; Prieto, Alejandro; Armijos-Moya, Tatiana (2021). "Renovation Process Challenges and Barriers". The 9th Annual Edition of Sustainable Places (SP 2021). p. 6. doi:10.3390/environsciproc2021011006.
  5. ^ a b Galiotto, Nicolas, Per Heiselberg, and Mary-Ann Knudstrup. "Integrated renovation process: overcoming barriers to sustainable renovation." Journal of architectural engineering 22.1 (2016): 04015007.
  6. ^ "Feasibility Study for the Academy Building Renovation and Town Hall and Memorial Building Reuse" (PDF). Bridgewater, Massachusetts. 15 August 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
  7. ^ Litchfield, Michael W. "Renovations". Taunton Press, 2005.
  8. ^ "Add Value to Real Estate". Investopedia. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
  9. ^ fuli, Interior design. "What is interior renovation". Archived from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  10. ^ Suomen Kuvalehti, 39/2004. (in Finnish)
  11. ^ Harvey, C. (2012). Renovate or sell? Builders, homeowners opt for remodeling investment. Business Journal Serving Fresno & The Central San Joaquin Valley, 1-5.
  12. ^ Peters, Adele (2022-01-14). "This Dutch construction innovation shows it's possible to quickly retrofit every building". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 2022-04-09. Retrieved 2022-04-09.
  13. ^ "8 Reasons It's Time to Remodel Your Commercial Building." Global Construction, 9 Sept. 2022, https://globalconstructionco.com/2019/10/10/8-reasons-its-time-to-remodel-your-commercial-building/ .
  14. ^ a b c Laboy, Michelle M. (2022). "Reimagining low-carbon futures: Architectural and ecological tradeoffs of mass timber for durable buildings". Architecture, Structures and Construction. 2 (4): 723–741. doi:10.1007/s44150-022-00048-7. S2CID 249261569.
  15. ^ Certification Canada (2012). "Certification status - Canada & the globe". Certification Canada. FPAC. Retrieved 2 July 2012.cite web: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  16. ^ a b c The Athena Institute (February 2004). Minnesota Demolition Survey: Phase Two (PDF) (Report). Forintek Canada Corp. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  17. ^ a b Turner, Andrew (2021-08-01). "Paint particles in the marine environment: An overlooked component of microplastics". Water Research X. 12 100110. Bibcode:2021WRX....1200110T. doi:10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100110. ISSN 2589-9147. PMC 8350503. PMID 34401707.
  18. ^ Prasittisopin, Lapyote; Ferdous, Wahid; Kamchoom, Viroon (2023). "Microplastics in construction and built environment". Developments in the Built Environment. 15. Elsevier BV. doi:10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100188. ISSN 2666-1659.
  19. ^ Galloway, Nanette LoBiondo (13 Sep 2024). "Ventnor introduces ordinance to control microplastics contamination". DownBeach. Retrieved 2 Oct 2024.
  20. ^ Yuk, Hyeonseong; Jo, Ho Hyeon; Nam, Jihee; Kim, Young Uk; Kim, Sumin (2022). "Microplastic: A particulate matter(PM) generated by deterioration of building materials". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 437 129290. Elsevier BV. Bibcode:2022JHzM..43729290Y. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129290. ISSN 0304-3894. PMID 35753297.
  21. ^ Santos, Guadalupe; Esmizadeh, Elnaz; Riahinezhad, Marzieh (2024-02-01). "Recycling Construction, Renovation, and Demolition Plastic Waste: Review of the Status Quo, Challenges and Opportunities". Journal of Polymers and the Environment. 32 (2): 479–509. doi:10.1007/s10924-023-02982-z. ISSN 1572-8919.
  22. ^ Wojnowska-Baryła, Irena; Bernat, Katarzyna; Zaborowska, Magdalena (January 2022). "Plastic Waste Degradation in Landfill Conditions: The Problem with Microplastics, and Their Direct and Indirect Environmental Effects". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19 (20) 13223. doi:10.3390/ijerph192013223. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 9602440. PMID 36293805.
  23. ^ Singh, Sandeep; Malyan, Sandeep K.; Maithani, Chinmay; Kashyap, Sujata; Tyagi, Vinay Kumar; Singh, Rajesh; Malhotra, Sarthak; Sharma, Manish; Kumar, Amit; Panday, Bijay K.; Pandey, R. P. (2023-09-15). "Microplastics in landfill leachate: Occurrence, health concerns, and removal strategies". Journal of Environmental Management. 342 118220. Bibcode:2023JEnvM.34218220S. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118220. ISSN 0301-4797. PMID 37290308.
  24. ^ Prasittisopin, Lapyote; Ferdous, Wahid; Kamchoom, Viroon (2023-10-01). "Microplastics in construction and built environment". Developments in the Built Environment. 15 100188. doi:10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100188. ISSN 2666-1659. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  25. ^ a b Smethurst, Tom (18 May 2023). "Why we must limit use of construction plastics". RICS. Retrieved 5 Dec 2024.
  26. ^ a b Hernandez, German; Low, Joanne; Nand, Ashveen; Bu, Alex; Wallis, Shannon L; Kestle, Linda; Berry, Terri-Ann (13 Jun 2022). "Quantifying and managing plastic waste generated from building construction in Auckland, New Zealand". Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy. 41 (1). SAGE Publications: 205–213. doi:10.1177/0734242x221105425. hdl:10652/5874. ISSN 0734-242X. PMC 9925883.
  27. ^ "What's the Best Way to Cut Thick Steel?". YouTube. 7 August 2021.
  28. ^ Risk Control
  29. ^ "Particulate matter emissions from activities of building refurbishment".
  30. ^ Wasley, Andrew; Heal, Alexandra; Harvey, Fiona; Lainio, Mie (13 June 2019). "Revealed: UK government failing to tackle rise of serious air pollutant". The Guardian.
  31. ^ Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole; Andersen, Zorana J; Beelen, Rob; Samoli, Evangelia; Stafoggia, Massimo; Weinmayr, Gudrun; et al. (August 2013). "Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE)". The Lancet Oncology. 14 (9): 813–822. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70279-1. PMID 23849838. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020.
  32. ^ a b c This article contains OGL licensed text This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence: "Frequently asked questions – Dust". HSE GOV.UK. 13 Jun 2023. Retrieved 8 Apr 2024.
  33. ^ "Beware of dust - Hilti Canada". Archived from the original on 2025-06-01. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
  34. ^ "Dust control - Hilti Hong Kong".
  35. ^ "MN Dept. of Health". Lead Contaminated Soil. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
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Further reading

[edit]

 

A deck in the backyard of a suburban house
A high level corridor deck in the backyard of a suburban house in Australia
A high level deck in the backyard of a suburban house in Australia. The decking is selangan batu, a Malaysian timber.

In architecture, a deck is a flat surface capable of supporting weight, similar to a floor, but typically constructed outdoors, often elevated from the ground, and usually connected to a building. The term is a generalization from the deck of a ship. A level architectural deck may be intended for use by people, e.g., what in the UK is usually called a decked patio. "Roof deck" refers to the flat layer of construction materials to which the weather impervious layers are attached to form a roof, and they may be either level (for a "flat" rooftop) or sloped.

Functions and materials

[edit]

Wood or timber decking can be used in a number of ways: as part of garden landscaping, to extend the living area of a house, and as an alternative to stone-based features such as patios. Decks are made from treated lumber, composite lumber, composite material, and aluminum. Lumber may be western red cedar, teak, mahogany, ipê, reclaimed and recycled ulin and other hardwoods. Recycled planks may be high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS) and PET plastic as well as mixed plastics and wood fiber (often called "composite" lumber). Artificial decking products are often called "wood-plastic composites" (WPC). WPCs have different brands like NewTechWood, Azek, Ecornboard etc.[1]

Historically, the softwoods used for decking were logged from old growth forests. These include Atlantic white cedar, redwood, and western red cedar (redcedar). Atlantic City built the first coastal boardwalk in the United States, originally constructed of the Atlantic white cedar. Soon, the commercial logging of this tree and clearing of cedar swamps in New Jersey caused a decline in the availability of decking. Atlantic City and New York City both switched to Western red cedar. By the 1960s, western red cedar from the US was declining due to over-logging. More expensive western red cedar was available from western Canada (British Columbia) but by then, pressure-treated pine had become available.

But even with chemical treatments (such as chromated copper arsenate or CCA), pine decking is not as durable as cedars in an outdoor environment. Thus, many municipalities and homeowners are turning to hardwoods. Decks are often built from pressure-treated wood. Pressure-treated wood is long lasting and holds up to wet and icy conditions. Pressure-treating chemicals are known to be toxic.[2] Both softwood and hardwood decks need to be finished after installation using either an oil or varnish to prevent weathering, wear, mould, algae and wood-boring insects.[3]

Due to environmental and durability concerns, composite decking (a mixture of two materials, typically wood pulp and recycled material such as plastic bottles or plastic bags) have appeared on the market. Proponents of composite decking tout it as a much-needed development, as it helps to curb logging of trees for new decks. However, composite decking contains harmful chemicals, cannot be refurbished, and despite claims from decking companies, some composite decking still attracts mold. However, newer more modern composites feature a cap or shell that prevents mold and staining.[4] In multi-story commercial construction, the dominant form of deck (including roof deck) construction is composite steel deck.

Generally, hardwoods used for decking come from tropical forests. Much of the logging of these woods, especially teak, mahogany and ipê, is illegal, as outlined in numerous reports by environmental organizations such as Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth and Rainforest Relief.[5][6][7] US tropical wood imports are rising, partly due to the demand for decking.

Construction

[edit]

The deck of a house is generally a wooden platform built above the ground and connected to the main building. It is generally enclosed by a railing for safety. Access may be from the house through doors and from the ground via a stairway. Residential decks can be constructed over steep areas or rough ground that is otherwise unusable. Decks can also be covered by a canopy or pergola to control sunlight. Deck designs can be found in numerous books, do-it-yourself magazines, and websites, and from the USDA.[8]

Typical construction is either of a post and beam architecture, or a cantilever construction. The post-and-beam construction relies on posts anchored to piers in the ground. Typically, these types of structural decks are engineered and require an experienced construction company that specializes in structural decks. Cantilever decks rely on floor joists that protrude out further than the wall of the house. While this type of construction is common, it raises significant safety issues if the decks are not properly waterproofed and flashed. There have been a growing number of deck failures resulting in death and critical injuries. Another key component of decks are code compliant railings. Railings on decks above 760 mm (30 in) are considered guard rails.[according to whom?] Guard rails have a specific building code requirement for both height and structural strength. Most U.S. commercial building codes require a 1,100 mm (42 in) guardrail on decks, and 910 or 1,070 mm (36 or 42 in) for a residential code depending on the state. Typical railing assemblies must meet structural strength requirements of 9.6 kPa (200 lbf/ft2). In short, decks are complex load-bearing structures that most often require structural engineering, plans, and permits.

Residential decks may contain spaces for cooking and seating. Cooking areas ideally should be situated near the patio door while out of the way from general foot traffic. Dining spaces will include patio tables. For a typical six-person outdoor patio table building, an area of 3.7 m × 4.9 m (12 ft × 16 ft) is ideal. If deck space is available, homeowners may choose to include for the seating, outdoor couches and benches.

Larger buildings may also have decks on the upper floors of the building which can be open to the public as observation decks or greeneries. A deck is also the surface used to construct a boardwalk over sand on barrier islands.

Laying deck or throwing deck refers to the act of placing and bolting down cold-formed steel beneath roofing and concrete floors. This is usually done by an ironworker, sometimes in conjunction with a cement mason or carpenter. It regarded as one of the most physically demanding jobs in the iron working industry.[citation needed]

In the United Kingdom the various bans on smoking in public buildings were expected to lead to an increase in the use of timber decking for outdoor spaces where smokers can gather.[9]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "How to Choose the Right Lumber for Your Deck?". 5 Nov 2023.
  2. ^ "Lumber Pressure Treated with Chromated Copper Arsenate". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 2013.
  3. ^ "Choosing The Best Decking Oil". Blueprint Joinery. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
  4. ^ Paster, Pablo (2009). "Deck: Wood or Plastic?". Treehugger.
  5. ^ Keating, Tim (1997), Teak is Torture: Forced Labor Logging in Burma (PDF), Rainforest Relief, New York
  6. ^ Keating, Tim (1998), Deep Impact: An Estimate of Tropical Rainforest Acres Impacted for a Board Foot of Imported Ipê (PDF), Rainforest Relief, New York
  7. ^ Monbiot, George (1992), Mahogany is Murder: Mahogany Extraction from Indian Reserves in Brazil, Friends of the Earth, London, ISBN 978-1-85750-160-5
  8. ^ L.O. Anderson, T.B. Heebink, and A.E. Oviatt. (1972)."Construction guides for exposed wood decks. Agriculture handbook no. 432". Washington: USDA, Forest Service.
  9. ^ "Smoking Ban Good News For Decking", Timber Construction, 2007
[edit]
  • Wikimedia Commons logo Media related to Decks (architecture) at Wikimedia Commons

 

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